I roto i te tikanga whaiti, ko te pūnaha hau kōpeke he mea tito mai i ngā taputapu pūtake hau, ngā taputapu purenga pūtake hau me ngā paipa e pā ana. I roto i te tikanga whānui, ko ngā wāhanga āwhina hau, ngā kaiwhakaoho hau, ngā wāhanga whakahaere hau, ngā wāhanga korehau, me ētahi atu, katoa kei roto i te kāwai o te pūnaha hau kōpeke. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā taputapu o te teihana hau kōpeke he pūnaha hau kōpeke i roto i te tikanga whaiti. E whakaatu ana te ahua e whai ake nei i te tūtohi rere o te pūnaha hau kōpeke noa:
Ka mimiti te taputapu pūtake hau (te pūwero hau) i te āhuarangi, ka pēhi i te hau i tōna āhua tūturu hei hau pēhi me te pēhanga teitei ake, ā, ka tangohia te makuku, te hinu me ētahi atu poke i roto i te hau pēhi mā roto i ngā taputapu purenga.
Ko te hau o te taiao he mea tito mai i te ranunga o ngā hau rerekē (O₂, N₂, CO₂…me ētahi atu), ā, ko te mamaoa wai tētahi o aua hau. Ko te hau kei roto i tētahi nui o te mamaoa wai ka kiia ko te hau makuku, ā, ko te hau kāore he mamaoa wai ka kiia ko te hau maroke. Ko te hau e karapoti nei i a tātou he hau makuku, nō reira ko te reo mahi o te pūwero hau he hau makuku noa iho.
Ahakoa he iti noa te nui o te mamaoa wai i roto i te hau makuku, he nui te pānga o tōna nui ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te hau makuku. I roto i te pūnaha horoi hau kōpeke, ko te whakamaroke i te hau kōpeke tētahi o ngā mea matua o roto.
I raro i ētahi āhuatanga pāmahana me te pēhanga, ka whakawhāitihia te nui o te mamaoa wai i roto i te hau makuku (arā, te mātotoru o te mamaoa wai). I tētahi pāmahana, ina tae te nui o te mamaoa wai ki te nui rawa atu, ka kiia te hau makuku i tēnei wā he hau mākū. Ko te hau makuku kāore i te nui rawa atu te mamaoa wai ka kiia he hau kore mākū.
I te wā e huri ai te hau kore mākū ki te hau mākū, ka whakapūpū ngā pata wai wai ki roto i te hau makuku, e kiia nei ko te "whakapūpū". He mea noa te whakapūpū. Hei tauira, he teitei te haumākū o te hau i te raumati, ā, he ngāwari te hanga pata wai ki runga i te mata o te paipa wai. I te ata hotoke, ka puta ngā pata wai ki runga i ngā matapihi karāhe o ngā kainoho. Ka hangaia ēnei katoa e te whakamatao o te hau makuku i raro i te pēhanga pumau. Ko ngā hua o Lu.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te pāmahana e tae atu ai te hau kore mākū ki te mākū ka kiia ko te ira tomairangi ina mau tonu te pēhanga wāhanga o te mamaoa wai (arā, ka mau tonu te nui o te wai tuturu). Ina heke te pāmahana ki te pāmahana ira tomairangi, ka puta te "haukū".
Ehara i te mea ko te pāmahana anake te mea e pā ana ki te nui o te makuku i roto i te hau makuku, engari e pā ana hoki ki te nui o te makuku i roto i te hau makuku. He tiketike te tohu tomairangi me te nui o te wai, ā, he iti te tohu tomairangi me te iti o te wai.
He mea nui te whakamahinga o te pāmahana tomairangi i roto i te hangarau o te pūwero hau. Hei tauira, ina iti rawa te pāmahana putanga o te pūwero hau, ka whakapūpū te ranunga hinu-hau nā te iti o te pāmahana i roto i te oko hinu-hau, ka noho wai te hinu whakahinuhinu, ā, ka pā ki te pānga whakahinuhinu. Nō reira, me hoahoa te pāmahana putanga o te pūwero hau kia kaua e iti iho i te pāmahana tomairangi i raro i te pēhanga ā-wāhanga e rite ana.
Ko te ira tomairangi o te hau ko te pāmahana ira tomairangi i raro i te pēhanga o te hau. Waihoki, ko te ira tomairangi pēhanga e pā ana ki te pāmahana ira tomairangi o te hau pēhanga.
Ko te whanaungatanga e rite ana i waenga i te ira tomairangi pēhanga me te ira tomairangi pēhanga noa e pā ana ki te ōwehenga kōpeketanga. I raro i te ira tomairangi pēhanga kotahi, ka nui ake te ōwehenga kōpeketanga, ka iti iho te ira tomairangi pēhanga noa e rite ana.
He paru te hau kōpeke e puta mai ana i te pūwero hau. Ko ngā poke matua ko: te wai (ngā pata wai wai, te kohu wai me te kohu wai hau), te kohu hinu hinu toenga (ngā pata hinu kohu me te kohu hinu), ngā poke totoka (paru waikura, paura konganuku, ngā mea rapa kikokore, ngā matūriki tā me ngā rauemi tātari, te paura kikokore o ngā rauemi hiri, me ētahi atu), ngā poke matū kino me ētahi atu poke.
Ka pirau te hinu whakahinuhinu i te rapa, te kirihou, me ngā rauemi hiri, ka kore e mahi tika ngā takirere me ngā hua poke. Ka waikura, ka waikura hoki ngā wāhanga me ngā paipa whakarewa i te makuku me te puehu, ka piri, ka tawhito rānei ngā wāhanga neke, ka kore e mahi tika ngā wāhanga hau, ka turuturu rānei te hau. Ka ārai anō hoki te makuku me te puehu i ngā kōhao aukati, i ngā ārai tātari rānei. I muri i te hukapapa ka huka, ka pakaru rānei te paipa.
Nā te kounga hau ngoikore, ka tino heke te pono me te roa o te mahi a te pūnaha hau, ā, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake ngā mate i te utu me ngā utu tiaki o te taputapu maimoatanga pūtake hau, nō reira me tino tika te whiriwhiri i te pūnaha maimoatanga pūtake hau.
He aha ngā pūtake matua o te makuku i roto i te hau kōpeke?
Ko te pūtake matua o te makuku i roto i te hau kōpeke ko te kohu wai e mimitihia ana e te pūwero hau me te hau. I muri i te urunga o te hau makuku ki roto i te pūwero hau, ka pēhia he nui te kohu wai ki roto i te wai wai i te wā o te tukanga kōpeketanga, ka tino whakaiti i te makuku whanaunga o te hau kōpeke i te putanga o te pūwero hau.
Hei tauira, ina 0.7MPa te pēhanga o te pūnaha, ā, 80% te haumākū whanaunga o te hau e manawahia ana, ahakoa kua mākū te hau e puta mai ana i te pūwero hau i raro i te pēhanga, ki te hurihia ki te āhua pēhanga o te hau i mua i te pēhanga, ko tōna haumākū whanaunga he 6~10% noa iho. Arā, kua tino heke te nui o te makuku o te hau pēhanga. Heoi, i te hekenga haere o te pāmahana i roto i te paipa hau me ngā taputapu hau, ka haere tonu te nui o te wai wai ki te whakapūmau i roto i te hau pēhanga.
He aha te take o te poke o te hinu i roto i te hau kōpeke?
Ko te hinu whakahinuhinu o te pūwero hau, te kohu hinu me ngā pata hinu e iri ana i te hau taiao, me te hinu whakahinuhinu o ngā wāhanga hau i roto i te pūnaha, koinei ngā pūtake matua o te parahanga hinu i roto i te hau kōpeke.
Haunga ngā pēhi hau toremi me ngā pēhi hau diaphragm, tata ki ngā pēhi hau katoa e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā (tae atu ki ngā pēhi hau whakahinuhinu kore-hinu) ka nui ake, ka iti iho rānei te hinu paru (ngā pata hinu, te kohu hinu, te mamaoa hinu me te wehenga waro) ki roto i te paipa hau.
Ka meinga e te pāmahana teitei o te rūma kōpeketanga o te pūwero hau te 5% ki te 6% o te hinu kia mimiti, kia pakaru, kia waikura, ka putu ki te pakitara o roto o te paipa pūwero hau i roto i te āhua o te kiriata waro me te wanihi, ā, ka whakatārewatia te wāhanga mārama i roto i te āhua o te mamaoa me te moroiti. Ka kawea mai te āhua o te matū ki roto i te pūnaha e te hau kōpeke.
I roto i te poto, mō ngā pūnaha kāore e hiahiatia he rauemi whakahinuhinu i te wā e whakahaerehia ana, ko ngā hinu me ngā rauemi whakahinuhinu katoa e konatunatua ana ki te hau kōpeke e whakamahia ana ka kiia he rauemi poke hinu. Mō ngā pūnaha e hiahia ana ki te tāpiri rauemi whakahinuhinu i te wā e mahi ana, ko ngā peita ārai-waikura me te hinu kōpeke katoa kei roto i te hau kōpeke ka kiia he paru poke hinu.
Me pēhea te urunga o ngā poke totoka ki te hau kōpeke?
Ko ngā pūtake matua o ngā poke totoka i roto i te hau kōpeke ko:
①Kua konatunatua te āhuarangi huri noa ki ngā poke rerekē o ngā rahi matūriki. Ahakoa he tātari hau kei roto i te pūwero momi hau, ko ngā poke "aerosol" kei raro iho i te 5 μm ka taea tonu te uru ki roto i te pūwero hau me te hau e manawahia ana, ka konatunatua ki te hinu me te wai ki roto i te paipa putanga hau i te wā e pēhia ana.
②I te wā e mahi ana te pūwero hau, ko te waku me te tukinga i waenga i ngā wāhanga rerekē, te koroheketanga me te takanga o ngā hiri, me te waro me te wehenga o te hinu whakahinuhinu i te pāmahana tiketike ka puta mai ngā matūriki totoka pēnei i ngā matūriki whakarewa, te puehu rapa me te wehenga waro ki roto i te paipa hau.
Wā tuku: 18 Paenga-whāwhā 2023
